Before going into the module, I had little knowledge of what activism involved, and hoped that by choosing this module it would allow me to gain a greater understanding of current and historical affairs associated with activism. I began by looking at a variety of protests from different years that focused on equality. Through research I realised just how far the feminist movement has come since its founding in 1848, but also how much further it must go. Even in today’s age where it would be thought that equality issues would no longer exist, there are new problems that have come into light that have been highlighted through protests, such as LGBT rights, racial equality and rights for the disabled. The fact is people are still fighting for their freedom and rights and are still managing to gain attention through protest. I found it interesting to see how different protests have developed over the years and feel it will be thought-provoking to see how the people demonstrating continue to change and adapt new tactics to stimulate the public and put their opinions across to help inspire change. At this point in time, I believe that there will never truly be an end to people fighting for what they believe is right as there will always be different issues that come into light with people on both sides of the debate protesting on what they believe in.

By researching the abortion debate it allowed me to see how it has developed over years from both perspectives, whereas I would have only acknowledged my own viewpoint before. Although my opinions on the topics I have researched have remained the same I now have a greater understanding of the goals that activists want to accomplish and how they go about them, either through rallies and quiet activism, or through darker means  such as radical protests that are often used to assert people’s view point, examples being the cases of the suffragette movement and the pro-life campaign . The module opened my eyes to different forms of activism and the roles they play such as craftivism and the use of pamphlets, as well as performance and art. I found the seminars helpful as they allowed me to gain a greater understanding of different kinds of activism. I want to delve deeper into researching different forms of activism so as to gain an even greater understanding. I personally found using websites the most useful form of research for gaining information on current events such as the abortion debate due to the information being updated regularly as the protests were carried out. However, when researching historical events such as the suffrage movement, I found a mixture of websites and books allowed me to gain a broader understanding.

As environmental problems have become more urgent Eco-activiasm has gained an increasing amount of attention.Just like other forms of activism  Eco-activism is simply a form of engagement in social and politival campaings with the aim of preventing damage to the environment.

In the final interactive seminar we explored Eco-activism while focusing on fruit routes pathways, were we followed the routes taking note of the fruit trees we encountered by either taking a photograph or a sketch of the fruit trees.  We were then asked to sit alone amongst the tress with our eyes for 10 minutes allowing us to think about nature and the sounds around us. When I was  doing this I could hear various sounds including insects, birds, a plane in the sky and people talking which I wouldn’t of paid attention to if I was distracted I found the whole experience relaxing.

Bibliography

Schoote, A. (2018). Eco-Activism: What it is and Why it is Relevant. [online] Wecf.eu. Available at: http://www.wecf.eu/english/articles/2018/04/Eco-Activism.php [Accessed 26 May 2019].

Performance art has always been closely interconnected with society and are often fuelled by activist movements.

In preparation for the  1964  Tokyo Olympic games the  government issued  instructions to the Japanese citizens to behave in a more sanitary manner this included not spitting in the street in response to these instructions, Hi Red Centre performed their street cleaning event (Be Clean ) were they dressed up in lab coats and scrubbed the pavement mocking the governments demands however many a passer-by believed that the artists were actually part of the Olympic planning.

From the time Brexit was first introduced people have been protesting Brexit. As a group we came up with the still image Post Brexit generation to explore the issues that the next generation will likely face due to Brexit.

Bibliography

Tate. (n.d.). Performance Art: The Angry Space, politics and activism – Essay | Tate. [online] Available at: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/performance-art/angry-space-politics-and-activism [Accessed 26 May 2019].

Craftivism is a form of activism that is centred around craft practices including needle work and was coined in 2003 by Betsy Greer. It is seen as non-threating therefore effective as it looks to influence positive change through non-threating creative methods.

Craftivism it is strongly associated with the feminist movement as craft practises are traditionally associated with femininity and domesticity and therefore the use of craft in activism challenges and subverts patriarchal power structures as it is often seen as docile and domestic.

In recent years craftivism has been used in response to president Trumps comments about the female body. Intending to make a visual statement The Pussy hat project was started by craftivist Suh and her co-founder Jayna Zweiman and resulted in thousands of people taking to the streets wearing the pink hats. The pink hats became a symbol for the Women’s march.

When creating my embroidered key ring I took inspiration from like a girl campaign which looks at the phrase like a girl and how it is used as an insult to knock young adults confidence.

Using stitch and fabric I wanted to juxtaposed gender norms by using the phrase like a girl as well a like a boy and stitching the them on fabric that is not stereo-typically associated with that gender in order to question what it means to be and boy and a girl.

Bibliography

En.wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Craftivism. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craftivism [Accessed 26 May 2019].

Lalor, A. (2017). Women’s March and pussyhats put craftivism in the spotlight. [online] Vancouver Courier. Available at: https://www.vancourier.com/living/women-s-march-and-pussyhats-put-craftivism-in-the-spotlight-1.17083157 [Accessed 26 May 2019].

MacKenzie, M. (2018). Pussyhat Co-Creator Krista Suh Talks ‘Craftivism’ And The Art Of Building A Movement. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/macaelamackenzie/2018/06/26/co-creator-of-the-pussyhat-krista-suh-talks-craftivism-and-building-a-movement/#2f2978d94eed [Accessed 26 May 2019].

THE ALTERNATIVE UK. (2017). “Craftivism” and The School of Gentle Protest. [online] Available at: https://www.thealternative.org.uk/dailyalternative/2017/5/11/gentle-protest [Accessed 26 May 2019].

YouTube. (2014). Always #LikeAGirl. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjJQBjWYDTs [Accessed 26 May 2019].

Pamphlets play an important part in social and political activism. The low-cost production and ease of distribution allows the medium to flourish, by allowing information to reach a wide range of people giving them access to material, as to why the protest is being carried out and what the issues are, as well as the goals activists want to establish.

As a group we decided to make a leaflet on global warming which is a prominent issue today with recent protests happening in London with three key demands:

.The government must declare an “emergency” and work with “other institutions” to make changes

.The UK must enact legally binding policies to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2025

.A citizens’ assembly must be formed to “oversee the changes” needed to achieve this goal

In our leaflet we highlighted global warming facts and figures using a colour scheme that reflected that of the planet.

Bibliography

BBC News. (2019). Extinction Rebellion: What happened?. (online) Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-48051776 [Accessed 26 May 2019].

Library.pitt.edu. (n.d.). Exhibit: Small Press Activism: The Pamphlet as an Agent for Social and Political Change | University Library System (ULS). [online] Available at: https://www.library.pitt.edu/faculty-focus/exhibit-small-press-activism-pamphlet-agent-social-and-political-change [Accessed 26 May 2019].

Across the U.S thousands of people took to the streets in co-ordinated rallies to protest the extreme laws to ban abortion that have been recently passed in several states.

In May 2019 Alabama approved a near outright abortion ban including cases of rape, or incest only allowing exceptions if the mother’s life is at risk or the fetus has a fatal complication. Under the new laws physicians who provide abortions can go to jail for up to 99 years which is a similar punishment to that of a murderer or rapist. Seven other states including Ohio and Kentucky  have  passed “heartbeat bills” which bans abortion as soon as a heartbeat can be detected which can be as early as six weeks and is often before the women knows that she is pregnant. More than 20 other states have introduced or proposed some form of restriction on abortion making the abortion debate more prevalent than ever. As both sides fight for what they believe is right.

Before restrictions can be put in place the Anti-abortion bills approved by the Republican state legislature must be challenged legally, forcing a ruling by the Supreme court. Therefore, abortion is still allowed in the US due to the landmark 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v Wade, which ruled that abortions are protected up until viability – the point at which a foetus is able to survive outside the womb, around the third trimester of a pregnancy. (BBC News, 2019)

Pro-choice advocates hope that by protesting the abortion bans the laws won’t be passed by the supreme court, more than 50 organizations including the NARAL Pro-Choice America and American Civil Liberties Union have participated in #StopTheBans protests.  With the view that women should be allowed the right to decide whether to have an abortion or not as choosing an abortion is usually a case of choosing the least bad of several bad courses of action , “we should regard the woman as a person and not just as a container for the foetus. We should therefore consider her rights and needs as well as those of the unborn.” (BBC, 2019).

Abortion rights activists say these kinds of restrictive laws are an attack on Roe v. Wade, the 1973 Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion in the US. The Alabama legislation was actually designed specifically to go to the Supreme Court and challenge Roe v. Wade, said Eric Johnston, president of the Alabama Pro-Life Coalition. ( Yan, 2019)

On the other hand, pro-life supporters hope that the court overturns the 1973 Roe v wade ruling which now has a conservative majority thanks to president Trump, who appointed two strongly anti-abortion judges to the supreme court giving conservatives a 5-4 majority. Furthermore, after laws were passed the number of anti-abortion protests increased outside abortion clinics making the situation more hostile.

Bibliography

BBC News. (2019). Alabama sued over ‘extreme’ abortion ban. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-48401063 [Accessed 27 May 2019].

BBC News. (2019). Protests across US against abortion bans. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-48361312 [Accessed 27 May 2019].

BBC (2019). BBC – Ethics – Abortion: Arguments in favour of abortion. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/abortion/mother/for_1.shtml [Accessed 27 May 2019].

Becker, A. (2019). Hundreds rally at U.S. Supreme Court, calling state abortion bans…. [online] U.S. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-abortion-protest/abortion-rights-activists-rally-at-supreme-court-to-protest-new-state-bans-idUSKCN1SR1KG [Accessed 27 May 2019].

Yan, H. (2019). From Maine to Hawaii, abortion rights advocates will protest to ‘stop the bans’. [online] CNN. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/20/us/abortion-rights-protests-tuesday/index.html [Accessed 27 May 2019].

Nashrulla, T. (2019). [online] Buzzfeednews.com. Available at: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tasneemnashrulla/stop-the-abortion-bans-protests [Accessed 27 May 2019].

Wamsley, L. (2019). NPR Choice page. [online] Npr.org. Available at: https://www.npr.org/2019/05/21/725410050/across-the-country-protesters-rally-to-stop-states-abortion-bans [Accessed 27 May 2019].

In America Abortion debates have been going on for years, gaining momentum in part to the second-wave feminist movement, with people supporting either pro-life or pro-choice, a lot of the controversy centres around one key question “when does life begin?”

Advocates for Pro-life argue that human life begins at conception therefore believe that the human zygote is a person and has the right to life. The phrase Pro-life was adapted by the right to life anti-abortion movement in the U.S following Roe V Wade legal case in which the supreme court ruled that unduly restrictive state regulation of abortion is unconstitutional and the right to privacy protects a pregnant woman’s liberty to choose whether or not to have an abortion. The term Pro-life was hence appointed instead of anti-abortion to highlight the issue that abortion is the taking of human life.

Much of the abortion movement began in the 1970s after the legalisation of abortion in all fifty states. Many of the core arguments stayed the same prior to the change in law but activists began to develop new ways to convey that message to the public, the most notable being the use of graphic images of aborted fetuses. The most significant drawn from Jon and Barbabra Wilkes handbook on abortion which was later known as the “Bible of the pro-life movement “the images were thought to help legalise abortion by gaining supporters through a person’s ethos. Activists felt sure that the images would help people to understand that the fetus, is legally and culturally, a baby.  The images developed into new methods: aborted, fetal models, and fetuses in jars in the 1970s; fetal pins, dolls, jewellery, and clothes in the 1980s; and ultrasound visuals of fetuses in the 1990s and 2000s. (Holland, n.d.)  These methods made fetal bodies a  part of American political culture.

The pro-life movement not only used emotional tactics but radical ones as well. The most famous being “Operation Rescue”, which sought to end abortion by “any means necessary.” “If you believe abortion is murder, act like it’s murder.” Operation Rescue pioneered the pro-life “rescue,” in which thousands of activists created human blockades in front of clinics making it difficult to get an abortion. Extremists in the movement went even further. Between the early 1980s and the 2000s, there were 153 assaults, 383 death threats, 3 kidnappings, 18 attempted murders, and 9 murders related to abortion providers. (Holland, n.d.)

 From the 1980s onward Pro-life activists attempted to reinterpret women’s relationship to abortion. Arguing that Feminists, had persuaded women to deny the fundamental truth of fetal life.  Stating that Abortion damaged women’s bodies, and women’s mental health. pro-life activists recast themselves as both the protectors of women and the true women’s rights movement. (Holland, n.d.)

Bibliography

En.wikipedia.org. (n.d.). United States anti-abortion movement. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement [Accessed 24 May 2019].

Garcia, L. and Vile, J. (2017). Abortion Protests. [online] Mtsu.edu. Available at: https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/13/abortion-protests [Accessed 24 May 2019].

Holland, J. (n.d.). The American Historian: Abolishing Abortion: The History of the Pro-Life Movement in America. [online] Tah.oah.org. Available at: https://tah.oah.org/november-2016/abolishing-abortion-the-history-of-the-pro-life-movement-in-america/ [Accessed 24 May 2019].

L. Holland, J. (n.d.). The American Historian: Abolishing Abortion: The History of the Pro-Life Movement in America. [online] Tah.oah.org. Available at: https://tah.oah.org/november-2016/abolishing-abortion-the-history-of-the-pro-life-movement-in-america/ [Accessed 24 May 2019].

Liss-Schultz, N. (2019). The militant wing of the anti-abortion movement is back—and it’s never been closer to victory. [online] Mother Jones. Available at: https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2018/09/abortion-clinic-blockade-red-rose-rescue/ [Accessed 24 May 2019].

Social.rollins.edu. (2014). Abortion in the 1970s – ThirdSight History. [online] Available at:

Abortion in the 1970s

[Accessed 24 May 2019].

Wynne, S. (2017). Pro-life Veteran Dr. Monica Miller, Others Jailed for Defending Life. [online] Churchmilitant.com. Available at: https://www.churchmilitant.com/news/article/rrr [Accessed 24 May 2019].

The US election of Donald Trump became a catalyst for women to assert themselves against misogynistic values, after many of trumps statements being considered anti-women and offensive. On January 21, 2017, the day after Trumps inauguration as US president, women-led marches across the world to came together in solidarity as part of an international day of action. More than 80 countries took part in the women’s march, the largest in Washington D.C. with between 500,000 to one-million people attending. According to organisers the goal of the march was to protect the fundamental rights and the safeguarding of freedoms that were threatened by political events of the time.(BBC, 2017)

From then on, the marches became an annual event held across the world with the aim to advocate legislation and policies regarding human rights and other issues including women’s rights immigration reform and LGBTQ rights. In 2018 the “times up” rally was organised, named in response of the campaign launched in January by women in Hollywood to counter sexual harassment in the entertainment business and workplaces following the Weinstein scandal and the #metoo movement.

Shortly after the #MeToo social media movement, gained popularity which encouraged women to share stories of sexual harassment and abuse, the #TimesUp campaign was launched by nearly 300 A-list Hollywood women hoping to end sexual harassment and misconduct in the entertainment industry and other fields. The intent behind the campaign was  to support victims of sexual harassment and assault by paying their legal fees. The campaign raised close to $19 million in matter of months. The Women’s March 2018 was named “Times up” to encourage support for the campaign as well as against sexual harassment and other serious issues demanding “time’s up” gender equality.

In 2019 the march returned for a 3^rd time with the name “Bread and Roses”, in honour of the Polish born American suffragette Rose Schneiderman, who famously devised the phrase in 1911 by saying “The workers must have bread, but she must have roses, too.” Organisers choose the theme in the hope to remind people of the protests that revolutionised workers rights for women and rally supporters against Austerity in the United Kingdom, in rise of the recent issue of Brexit, “with the imminence of Brexit, we want austerity to end and are demanding specific assurances from the UK government. It is time to eliminate the dividing line between the ‘Haves’ and ‘Have Nots’. Equality demands that we all get to thrive and not just survive. We demand Prosperity not Austerity.” (Women’s March on London, 2019)

Bibliography

Barr, S. (2019). Everything you need to know about this year’s Women’s March in London. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/womens-march-2019-when-date-where-london-protest-feminism-gender-equality-a8709076.html [Accessed 20 May 2019].

BBC, (2017). Women’s March marks end to ‘couch potato politics’. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/38637889/womens-march-marks-end-to-couch-potato-politics [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Ducun, A. (2018). What is Time’s Up movement, why is it called that, who started campaign? | Metro News. [online] Metro.co.uk. Available at:

What is the Time’s Up movement, why is it called that and who started the campaign?

[Accessed 20 May 2019].

Jackson, D. (2018). Hollywood’s #TimesUp Movement Is A Major Part Of The Women’s March, As It Should Be. [online] Bustle. Available at: https://www.bustle.com/p/is-timesup-part-of-the-2018-womens-march-the-movement-plays-a-huge-role-in-this-years-event-7968130 [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Lyons, I. (2018). Time’s Up rally: Why thousands of women marched on London – in their words. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/times-rally-thousands-women-marched-london-words/ [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Petter, O. (2019). See the most beautiful bread and roses costumes at this year’s women’s march in honour of Rose Schneiderman. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/womens-march-2019-london-rose-schneiderman-bread-and-roses-theme-costumes-a8736361.html [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Slawson, N. (2018). Thousands join Women’s March in London for gender equality. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/21/thousands-join-womens-march-in-london-for-gender-equality [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Women’s March on London. (2017). Guiding Principles — Women’s March on London. [online] Available at: https://www.womensmarchlondon.com/the-wmol-guiding-principles [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Women’s March on London. (2018). Time’s Up Rally. [online] Available at: https://www.womensmarchlondon.com/times-up-rally/2018/1/21/times-up-rally [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Women’s March on London. (2019). Women Demand Bread and Roses Rally — Women’s March on London. [online] Available at: https://www.womensmarchlondon.com/bread-and-roses [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Women’s March on London. (2019). Women’s March on London. Available at: https://www.womensmarchlondon.com/ [Accessed 20 May 2019].

In America on the 26th August 1970 the women strike for equality took place in recognition of the 50^th anniversary of the passing of the nineteenth amendment which effectively gave American women the right to vote. The rally was sponsored by the National organisation for women (NOW) and it’s then president “Betty Friedan, who wanted an “action” that would show the American media the scope and power of second-wave feminism.” (COHEN, 2015) with the aim for women to stop working for a day and draw attention to decimation and unequal pay.

Over twenty thousand women took part in the march across the country, and similarly to the suffrage movement it featured placards with slogans such as “Don’t Iron While the Strike is Hot” and simply “women demand equality” .The participating women were diverse but the three main goals of the event were clear and to the point  and reflected the overall spirit of second-wave feminism: free abortion on demand, equal opportunity in employment and education, and the establishment of 24/7 childcare centres.(Cohen,2015) The strike also promoted other second wave feminist goals more generally such as political rights for women and social equality in relationships such as marriage.

The aim of the march was to draw attention to equality and the outrage people had due to the fact that women were being treated like second class citizens. At the time of the protest women didn’t have the same rights and freedoms of men, and despite the passing of the equal pay Act of 1963 which prohibited discrimination of pay between two people who had the same job, women still comparatively earned 59 cents for each dollar a man made there were also issues with the amount women that were be granted access to higher education with only 5-10% of women being accepted into institutes of higher education. Therefore, women came together in order to ensure that all citizens were treated equally through a non-violent campaign.

Despite some jeering from men and reactionary women’s groups, Friedan declared the day’s events a success “beyond our wildest dreams.” It was also noted that organisers were also pleased the number of African-American women that participate in the protests as the feminist movement had been largely a white, middle-class phenomenon. (Jwa, n.d.)

The strike received extensive media coverage with both negative and positive reactions. A reporter from the Washington post Phyllis Schlafly stated” that this was a mighty movement and would set America on the right path.”By 1977 the Federal amendment proposing for the equal rights for women was considered by the legislatures of every state and 35 of them approved it. The equality strike is considered a turning point in history for women and stimulated many others to stand up for equality.

Bibliography

Charlton, L. (1970). Women March Down Fifth in Equality Drive. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at:

[Accessed 14 May 2019].

COHEN, S. (2015). http://time.com. [online] Time. Available at: http://time.com/4008060/women-strike-equality-1970 [Accessed 14 May 2019].

Dismore, D. (2010). When Women Went on Strike: Remembering Equality Day, 1970. [online] Ms. Magazine. Available at:

When Women Went on Strike: Remembering Equality Day, 1970

[Accessed 14 May 2019].

En.wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Women’s Strike for Equality. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Strike_for_Equality [Accessed 14 May 2019].

Fatima, K. (2015). Women’s Strike for Equality 1970. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlxJDxnIt5o [Accessed 14 May 2019].

Jwa, (n.d.). “Women Strike for Equality” | Jewish Women’s Archive. [online] Available at: https://jwa.org/thisweek/aug/26/1970/women-strike-for-equality [Accessed 14 May 2019].

Napikoski, L. (2019). Why the Women’s Strike for Equality in 1970 Was Important. [online] ThoughtCo. Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/the-womens-strike-for-equality-3528989 [Accessed 14 May 2019].

YouTube. (2013). Celebrating Women’s Equality Day | TIME. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFsa2Ku1E_I [Accessed 14 May 2019].

YouTube. (2013). Women’s Strike for Equality, 1970. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12yOtz_lapY [Accessed 14 May 2019].

Throughout much of 1911 the suffrage movement continued to carry out peaceful protests and in January 1910 the leader of the suffragette movement Emmeline Pankhurst announced they would suspend all militant behaviour, after the Prime Minister Asquith pledged that if the liberals returned to office, a vote would be held about adding an amendment on women’s suffrage to the reform bill which implied that property holding women would finally be given the vote. However after being re-elected Asquith went back on his promises, and newspaper articles  stated that  “ The prime minster… says the time at the disposal of the government will not admit of further progress being made with the women suffrage bill this year.” Making it apparent that Asquith had betrayed them. This led to both the suffragists and the suffragettes to step up rallying “our power as women is invincible if we are united and determined.” 

On 18 November 1910, the violence against the movement reached a terrifying low which would later be known as Black Friday. In a campaign to secure women right to vote 300 women marched the house of parliament dressed in suffrage colours and wearing a milk badge with the slogan deputation 1910. The women were  met with a blockade of police. In the past when WSPU women  attempted to rush past the police lines they were quickly and politely arrested, however on this occasion, instead of being promptly arrested the police assaulted them using tactics to intentionally subject the women to sexual humiliation in a public setting ,Marlow stated “They deliberatley tore my undergarments,using the most foul language.” (Marlow, 2000) This consequently led to over 100 demonstrators being arrested and the  possible death of two member of the surrogates as result of the injuries they received on the day. In most news papers it wrote about a unruly mob of women descending of parliament ignoring the assault subjugated by the police and ignoring the fact that the display was organised to be a peaceful protest with  only 13 people in each group that were staged intervals with the first group carrying suffrage banner stating the words of the memorial to be delivered to Asquith with the aim to get to the gates of the house of commons in order to have an audience with the prime minster due to the lies he told.

The terrible events of “Black Friday” led to a change in approach and the movement became more violent, with members targeting private property with vandalism, window smashing and fire bombing in order to be taken seriously and not be disregarded again.

Bibliography

ATKINSON, D. (2018). RISE UP WOMEN!. london: BLOOMSBURY Publishing.

Collinson, A. (2018). Black Friday and the Suffragette struggle | Museum of London. [online] Museum of London. Available at: https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/black-friday [Accessed 23 Apr. 2019].

En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Black Friday (1910). [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910) [Accessed 23 Apr. 2019].

Hawksley, L. (2013). March, women, march. london: Andre Deutsch limited, pp.161-175.

Pugh, M. (2004). The march of the women. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press.

Smith, H. (2010). The British Women’s Suffrage Campaign 1866-1928. Florence: Taylor and Francis, p.50.

Writing Class. (n.d.). The Suffragettes – Black Friday (1910). [online] Available at: http://www.working-class-women-writing.co.uk/the-suffragettes—black-friday-1910.html [Accessed 24 Apr. 2019].